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Ответы к билетам (1-29)

Билет 16. Newspapers

A style guide or style manual is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field. The implementation of a style guide provides uniformity in style and formatting of a document.

A set of standards for a specific organization is often known as "house style." Style guides are common for general and specialized use, for the general reading and writing audience, and for students and scholars of various academic disciplines, medicine, journalism, the law, government, business, and industry.

Organizations advocating for social minorities sometimes establish what they believe to be fair and correct language treatment of their audiences.

Some style guides focus on graphic design, focusing on such topics as typography and white space. Web site style guides cover a publication's visual and technical aspects, along with text.

Many style guides are revised periodically to accommodate changes in conventions and usage. The Associated Press Stylebook, for example, is revised annually.

History (на всякий случай побольше информации об этом) - Publishers' style guides establish house rules for language use, such as spelling, italics and punctuation; their major purpose is consistency. They are rulebooks for writers, ensuring consistent language. Authors are asked or required to use a style guide in preparing their work for publication; copy editors are charged with enforcing the publishing house's style.

Academic organization and university style guides are rigorous about documentation formatting style for citations and bibliographies used for preparing term papers for course credit and manuscripts for publication. Professional scholars are advised to follow the style guides of organizations in their disciplines when they submit articles and books to academic journals and academic book publishers in those disciplines for consideration of publication. Once they have accepted work for publication, publishers provide authors with their own guidelines and specifications, which may differ from those required for submission, and editors may assist authors in preparing their work for press. A page from an "identity standards manual"—so named for the field of graphic design that focuses on corporate identity design and branding—that identifies color standards to be used. Some organizations, other than those previously mentioned, produce style guides for either internal or external use. For example, communications and public relations departments of business and nonprofit organizations have style guides for their publications (newsletters, news releases, web sites). Organizations advocating for social minorities sometimes establish what they believe to be fair and correct language treatment of their audiences. Many publications (notably newspapers) use graphic design style guides to demonstrate the preferred layout and formatting of a published page. They often are extremely detailed in specifying, for example, which fonts and colors to use. Such guides allow a large design team to produce visually consistent work for the organization.

Good writing is important to journalists. Different mass media use such guides because they want to be a beacon of correct language. Listeners and viewers look to maintain high standards. It is a job of journalists to communicate clearly and effectively, to be understood without difficulty, and to offer viewers and listeners an intelligent use of language which they can enjoy. Good writing is not a luxury; it is an obligation. Representatives of the media use them to support their work at a high level and match a high standard and requirements. Because the media influence on people. the task of journalists is to report information and communicate it properly and correctly.

The aim of this styleguide is to help BBC journalist to provide their listeners and readers with good and correct English, because ‘Listeners and viewers look to the BBC to maintain

high standards. It is a responsibility that should be welcomed by a public service broadcaster, and it is a rôle the BBC has acknowledged since itscreation. There is a good reason for this. Well

written English is easier to understand than poorly written English.’

There are plenty of parts in this style guide:

So there are some rules for each of the theme.

Examples of the rules:

The first rule of writing is to know what you want

to say.This may seem a statement of the obvious,

but items are often broadcast which are not exactly

what the writer intended

The key to good writing is simple thoughts

simply expressed. Use short sentences and short

words.Anything which is confused, complicated,

poorly written or capable of being misunderstood

risks losing the listener or viewer, and once you

have done that, you might just as well not have

come to work

In broadcasting, the basic sentence structure

Subject-Verb-Object works every time.The

audience grasps what you are saying straight away.

Anything more flamboyant, such as a subordinate

clause, is a potential barrier to understanding.

Do try to get a strong active verb in the first

sentence.You want to make an impact and keep

people listening.

Do not start a news report with a question.

The audience wants to be informed, not take part

in a quiz.

Be positive. Make assertions wherever possible,

and try to avoid negatives

It is the policy of BBC Radio News that collective

nouns should be plural, as in The Government have

decided. Other departments, such as BBC Online,

have resolved that collective nouns should always be

singular, as in The Government has decided. BBC

Television News has no policy and uses whichever

sounds best in context.The difficulty for writers

comes because there is no rule – collective nouns

can be either singular or plural.

English is full of traps for the unwary. Words which

sound very similar can mean very different things.

Viewers and listeners complain most loudly when

they hear the wrong word used, and now scripts

are widely available on the internet, misspellings,

too, are public. Deficiencies in vocabulary detract

from the authority of both the journalist and the

BBC

Do not mix decimals, fractions and percentages in

one story. Listeners and viewers by and large do not

listen to your output with a handy calculator.